Systematic Review: Clinical Symptoms and Laboratory and Radiology Findings in Children with COVID-19

Simsek Uzunoglu, S; Akca, H

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the new [novel] coronavirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a pandemic with exceeding 72 million cases and 1.2 million deaths by the end of November 2020. We aimed to evaluate clinical, laboratory, and radiology findings of COVID-19 in children as reported worldwide and thereby to increase the clinical knowledge about the disease. Bibliographic searches were conducted in December 2020 using PubMed and Google Scholar. The search was limited to children [below 18 years of age]. The search strategy yielded a total of 336 potential articles but finally a total of 25 valid studies covering a total of 2446 (China: 1109, Europe: 663, North America: 674) pediatric patients. In the studies covered by this review, it was observed that the median age was calculated at various values between the ages of 1 and 7 years. In the studies, overall rate of the asymptomatic patients was 24.8% (ranging between 10.7 and 56.6). Acute upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) [mild disease] was observed in 40.7 (ranging between 22 and 50.6%), mild pneumonia in 27% (ranging between 9.5 and 40.6%), and severe pneumonia in 5.3% (ranging between 1.9 and 10.6%). A total of 3% (ranging between 0.7 and 5.1%) of the patients had critical severity. Among the most common clinical symptoms and findings; 61.7% (ranging between 57.4 and 64.3%) of the patients had fever, 53.2% (ranging between 30.6 and 75.1%) had cough, 16.8% (ranging between 4.6 and 27.2%) had diarrhea or nausea, and 15% had lymphopenia. Abnormal radiological findings were detected in 47.2 of the children with COVID-19 and ground glass opacity was in 22.2%. COVID-19 manifests milder and the clinical signs and symptoms vary widely in children. Laboratory and radiological findings of COVID-19 in pediatric patients are not mostly disease-specific, except lymphopenia may have a limited value, and ground glass opacity may have a significant diagnostic value.