Discrimination of rice varieties using smartphone-based colorimetric sensor arrays and gas chromatography techniques.

Arslan, Muhammad; Zareef, Muhammad; Tahir, Haroon Elrasheid; Guo, Ziang; Rakha, Allah; Xuetao, Hu; Shi, Jiyong; Zhihua, Li; Xiaobo, Zou; Khan, Moazzam Rafiq

A smartphone-based colorimetric sensor array system was established for discrimination of rice varieties having different geographical origins. Purposely, aroma profiling of nine rice varieties was performed using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Alcohols, aldehydes, alkanes, ketones, heterocyclic compounds, and organic acids represent the abundant compounds. Colorimetric sensor array system produced a characteristic color difference map upon its exposure to volatile compounds of rice. Discrimination of rice varieties was subsequently achieved using principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, and k-nearest neighbors. Rice varieties from same geographical source were clustered together in the scatter plot of principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis dendrogram. The k-nearest neighbors algorithm delivered optimal results with discrimination rate of 100% for both calibration and prediction sets using sensor array system. The smartphone-based colorimetric sensor array system and gas chromatography technique were able to effectively differentiate rice varieties with the advantage of being simple, rapid, and low-cost.