Factors determining human-to-human transmissibility of zoonotic pathogens via contact. Human-to-human contact transmission of pathogens

Richard, Mathilde; Knauf, Sascha; Lawrence, Philip; Mather, Alison E.; Munster, Vincent J.; Müller, Marcel A.; Smith, Derek; Kuiken, Thijs

The pandemic potential of zoonotic pathogens lies in their ability to become efficiently transmissible amongst humans. Here, we focus on contact-transmitted pathogens and discuss the factors, at the pathogen, host and environmental levels that promote or hinder their human-to-human transmissibility via the following modes of contact transmission: skin contact, sexual contact, respiratory contact and multiple route contact. Factors common to several modes of transmission were immune evasion, high viral load, low infectious dose, crowding, promiscuity, and co-infections; other factors were specific for a pathogen or mode of contact transmission. The identification of such factors will lead to a better understanding of the requirements for human-to-human spread of pathogens, as well as improving risk assessment of newly emerging pathogens.