Association of SARS-CoV-2 viral load at admission with in-hospital acute kidney injury: A retrospective cohort study

Paranjpe, Ishan; Chaudhary, Kumardeep; Johnson, Kipp W.; Jaladanki, Suraj K.; Zhao, Shan; De Freitas, Jessica K.; Pujdas, Elisabet; Chaudhry, Fayzan; Bottinger, Erwin P.; Levin, Matthew A.; Fayad, Zahi A.; Charney, Alexander W.; Houldsworth, Jane; Cordon-Cardo, Carlos; Glicksberg, Benjamin S.; Nadkarni, Girish N.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the associated Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a public health emergency. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 although mechanisms underlying AKI are yet unclear. There may be a direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 virus on the kidney; however, there is currently no data linking SARS-CoV-2 viral load (VL) to AKI. We explored the association of SARS-CoV-2 VL at admission to AKI in a large diverse cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We included patients hospitalized between March 13(th) and May 19(th), 2020 with SARS-CoV-2 in a large academic healthcare system in New York City (N = 1,049) with available VL at admission quantified by real-time RT-PCR. We extracted clinical and outcome data from our institutional electronic health records (EHRs). AKI was defined by KDIGO guidelines. We fit a Fine-Gray competing risks model (with death as a competing risk) using demographics, comorbidities, admission severity scores, and log(10) transformed VL as covariates and generated adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). VL was associated with an increased risk of AKI (aHR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.08, p = 0.02) with a 4% increased hazard for each log(10) VL change. Patients with a viral load in the top 50(th) percentile had an increased adjusted hazard of 1.27 (95% CI: 1.02–1.58, p = 0.03) for AKI as compared to those in the bottom 50(th) percentile. CONCLUSIONS: VL is weakly but significantly associated with in-hospital AKI after adjusting for confounders. This may indicate the role of VL in COVID-19 associated AKI. This data may inform future studies to discover the mechanistic basis of COVID-19 associated AKI.