Knowledge synthesis of 100 million biomedical documents augments the deep expression profiling of coronavirus receptors

Venkatakrishnan, AJ; Puranik, Arjun; Anand, Akash; Zemmour, David; Yao, Xiang; Wu, Xiaoying; Chilaka, Ramakrishna; Murakowski, Dariusz K; Standish, Kristopher; Raghunathan, Bharathwaj; Wagner, Tyler; Garcia-Rivera, Enrique; Solomon, Hugo; Garg, Abhinav; Barve, Rakesh; Anyanwu-Ofili, Anuli; Khan, Najat; Soundararajan, Venky

The COVID-19 pandemic demands assimilation of all biomedical knowledge to decode mechanisms of pathogenesis. Despite the recent renaissance in neural networks, a platform for the real-time synthesis of the exponentially growing biomedical literature and deep omics insights is unavailable. Here, we present the nferX platform for dynamic inference from over 45 quadrillion possible conceptual associations from unstructured text, and triangulation with insights from single-cell RNA-sequencing, bulk RNA-seq and proteomics from diverse tissue types. A hypothesis-free profiling of ACE2 suggests tongue keratinocytes, olfactory epithelial cells, airway club cells and respiratory ciliated cells as potential reservoirs of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. We find the gut as the putative hotspot of COVID-19, where a maturation correlated transcriptional signature is shared in small intestine enterocytes among coronavirus receptors (ACE2, DPP4, ANPEP). A holistic data science platform triangulating insights from structured and unstructured data holds potential for accelerating the generation of impactful biological insights and hypotheses.