Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Implementing Complete Automated Diagnosis and Staging. A Systematic Review

Popa, Stefan L.; Ismaiel, Abdulrahman; Cristina, Pop; Cristina, Mogosan; Chiarioni, Giuseppe; David, Liliana; Dumitrascu, Dan L.

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a fast-growing pathology around the world, being considered the most common chronic liver disease. It is diagnosed based on the presence of steatosis in more than 5% of hepatocytes without significant alcohol consumption. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current studies of artificial intelligence (AI) applications that may help physicians in implementing a complete automated NAFLD diagnosis and staging. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and WILEY databases were screened for relevant publications in relation to AI applications in NAFLD. The search terms included: (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease OR NAFLD) AND (artificial intelligence OR machine learning OR neural networks OR deep learning OR automated diagnosis OR computer-aided diagnosis OR digital pathology OR automated ultrasound OR automated computer tomography OR automated magnetic imaging OR electronic health records). Results: Our search identified 37 articles about automated NAFLD diagnosis, out of which 15 articles analyzed imagistic techniques, 15 articles analyzed digital pathology, and 7 articles analyzed electronic health records (EHC). All studies included in this review show an accurate capacity of automated diagnosis and staging in NAFLD using AI-based software. Conclusions: We found significant evidence demonstrating that implementing a complete automated system for NAFLD diagnosis, staging, and risk stratification is currently possible, considering the accuracy, sensibility, and specificity of available AI-based tools.