Exploring the COVID-19 Potential Targets: Big Challenges to Quest Specific Treatment

Roy, Harekrishna; Gummadi, Asha; Nayak, Bhabani Shankar; Nandi, Sisir; Saxena, Anil Kumar

BACKGROUND: The novel strain SARS-CoV-2 of coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) became pandemic in end of 2019 with an unprecedented global crisis by infecting around 11 million people in more than 200 countries. The condition has now been provoked by the demand, supply, and liquidity shocks that COVID-19 has attacked lives of an incredible population. OBJECTIVES: Therefore, researchers are trying to encode and understand the viral genome sequence along with various potential targets to explore the transmission mechanism and the mode of treatment for COVID-19. The important structural proteins such as nucleocapsid protein (N), membrane protein (M), an envelope protein (E), and spike protein (S) related to covid-19 are discussed in this manuscript. METHODS: The topology of these various targets has been explored utilizing structure-based design and crystallographic studies. RESULTS: The literature reported that the N protein process viral genome to the host cell during replication. The "N terminal domain" and "C terminal domain" contribute towards the localization in the endoplasmic region and dimerization respectively. The M protein determines the shape of coronavirus and also assists the S protein to integrate with the Golgi-endoplasmic region complex leading to the stabilization of the virion. The smallest hydrophobic viroporin termed "E" takes part in morphogenesis and pathogenesis during intracellular infection. The viral spike (S) protein attaches the cellular receptors and initiates virus-cell membrane fusions. The main protease in the proteolytic process during viral gene expression and replication has also been discussed. CONCLUSION: Currently there is no permanent cure and treatment of COVID-19 hence researchers are repurposing the suitable combination of drugs including antiviral, antimalarial, antiparasitic, and antibacterial, hypertensive receptor blockers, immunosuppressant, anti-arthritis drug, including ayurvedic formulations. In brief, it is justified that, for complete recovery, there is a need for deep and elaborate studies on genomic sequences and invading mechanisms in the host cell.