High affinity modified ACE2 receptors protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters

Higuchi, Yusuke; Suzuki, Tatsuya; Arimori, Takao; Ikemura, Nariko; Mihara, Emiko; Kirita, Yuhei; Ohgitani, Eriko; Mazda, Osam; Motooka, Daisuke; Nakamura, Shota; Sakai, Yusuke; Itoh, Yumi; Sugihara, Fuminori; Matsuura, Yoshiharu; Matoba, Satoaki; Okamoto, Toru; Takagi, Junichi; Hoshino, Atsushi

The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor via receptor binding domain (RBD) to enter into the cell and inhibiting this interaction is a main approach to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. We engineered ACE2 to enhance the affinity with directed evolution in 293T cells. Three cycles of random mutation and cell sorting achieved 100-fold higher affinity to RBD than wild-type ACE2. The extracellular domain of modified ACE2 fused to the human IgG1-Fc region had stable structure and neutralized SARS-CoV-2 without the emergence of mutational escape. Therapeutic administration protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 infection, decreasing lung virus titers and pathology. Engineering ACE2 decoy receptors with human cell-based directed evolution is a promising approach to develop a SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing drug that has affinity comparable to monoclonal antibodies yet displaying resistance to escape mutations of virus. One Sentence Summary Engineered ACE2 decoy receptor has a therapeutic potential against COVID-19 without viral escape mutation.