An integrative look at SARS-CoV-2 (Review)

Ortega, Miguel A.; Fraile-Martínez, Oscar; García-Montero, Cielo; García-Gallego, Sandra; Sánchez-Trujillo, Lara; Torres-Carranza, Diego; Álvarez-Mon, Miguel Ángel; Pekarek, Leonel; García-Honduvilla, Natalio; Bujan, Julia; Álvarez-Mon, Melchor; Asúnsolo, Ángel; De La Torre, Basilio

SARS-CoV-2 is a newly discovered member of the betacoronaviruses and the etiological agent of the disease COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the worldwide pandemic which has been taking place in 2020, and is causing a markedly higher number of infections and deaths compared to previous coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV. Based on updated scientific literature, the present review compiles the most relevant knowledge of SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the clinical and typical responses that patients have exhibited against this virus, discussing current and future therapies, and proposing strategies with which to combat the disease and prevent a further global threat. The aggressiveness of SARS-CoV-2 arises from its capacity to infect, and spread easily and rapidly through its tight interaction with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor. While not all patients respond in a similar manner and may even be asymptomatic, a wide range of manifestations associated with COVID-19 have been described, particularly in vulnerable population groups, such as the elderly or individuals with other underlying conditions. The proper function of the immune system plays a key role in an individual's favorable response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. A hyperactivated response, on the contrary, could account for the more severe cases of COVID-19, and this may finally lead to respiratory insufficiency and other complications, such as thrombotic or thromboembolic events. The development of novel therapies and vaccines designed to control and regulate a proper immune system response will be key to clinical management, prevention measures and effective population screening to attenuate the transmission of this novel RNA virus.