Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: The Chinese Experience

Zheng, Xizi; Zhao, Youlu; Yang, Li

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly worldwide. Here, we review recently published studies on COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) in China. The pooled incidence of AKI in all reported COVID-19 patients was 6.5%, with a much higher rate in patients from the ICU (32.5%). AKI is associated with the severity of COVID-19 and the mortality rates, which is similar to other kidney abnormalities including proteinuria and hematuria. The renal tubule is the main site of injury in COVID-19 patients, and the etiology of renal impairment in COVID-19 patients is likely diverse and multifactorial. Apart from direct viral attack via Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine proteases 2 (TMPRSS2), hypoxia and hypercoagulability may also contribute to the occurrence of renal injury. To date, there is only RCT evidence to support the use of dexamethasone in patients requiring oxygen therapy and remdesivir for shortening the time to recovery, with no specific treatment for COVID-19-associated AKI. Studies researching kidney pathologies or reporting renal outcome and prognosis are in urgent need. Further studies are urgently warranted to identify the risk factors, to predict the prognosis and renal outcome, to explore the exact mechanisms of renal injury and to suggest targeted interventions.