Structure and inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease reveal strategy for developing dual inhibitors against M(pro) and cathepsin L

Sacco, Michael Dominic; Ma, Chunlong; Lagarias, Panagiotis; Gao, Ang; Townsend, Julia Alma; Meng, Xiangzhi; Dube, Peter; Zhang, Xiujun; Hu, Yanmei; Kitamura, Naoya; Hurst, Brett; Tarbet, Bart; Marty, Michael Thomas; Kolocouris, Antonios; Xiang, Yan; Chen, Yu; Wang, Jun

The main protease (M(pro)) of SARS-CoV-2 is a key antiviral drug target. While most M(pro) inhibitors have a γ-lactam glutamine surrogate at the P1 position, we recently found that several M(pro) inhibitors have hydrophobic moieties at the P1 site, including calpain inhibitors II and XII, which are also active against human cathepsin L, a host protease that is important for viral entry. In this study, we solved x-ray crystal structures of M(pro) in complex with calpain inhibitors II and XII and three analogs of GC-376. The structure of M(pro) with calpain inhibitor II confirmed that the S1 pocket can accommodate a hydrophobic methionine side chain, challenging the idea that a hydrophilic residue is necessary at this position. The structure of calpain inhibitor XII revealed an unexpected, inverted binding pose. Together, the biochemical, computational, structural, and cellular data presented herein provide new directions for the development of dual inhibitors as SARS-CoV-2 antivirals.