A genetic barcode of SARS-CoV-2 for monitoring global distribution of different clades during the COVID-19 pandemic

Guan, Qingtian; Sadykov, Mukhtar; Mfarrej, Sara; Hala, Sharif; Naeem, Raeece; Nugmanova, Raushan; Al-Omari, Awad; Salih, Samer; Mutair, Abbas Al; Carr, Michael J.; Hall, William W.; Arold, Stefan T.; Pain, Arnab

OBJECTIVE: The SARS-CoV-2 pathogen has established endemicity in humans. This necessitates the development of rapid genetic surveillance methodologies to serve as an adjunct with existing comprehensive, albeit though slower, genome sequencing-driven approaches. METHODS: A total of 21,789 complete genomes were downloaded from GISAID on May 28, 2020 for analyses. We have defined the major clades and subclades of circulating SARS-CoV-2 genomes. A rapid sequencing-based genotyping protocol was developed and tested on SARS-CoV-2-positive RNA samples by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS: We describe 11 major mutations which defined five major clades (G(614), S(84), V(251), I(378) and D(392)) of globally circulating viral populations. The clades can specifically identify using an 11-nucleotide genetic barcode. An analysis of amino acid variation in SARS-CoV-2 proteins provided evidence of substitution events in the viral proteins involved in both host entry and genome replication. CONCLUSION: Globally circulating SARS-CoV-2 genomes could be classified into 5 major clades based on mutational profiles defined by an 11-nucleotide barcode. We have successfully developed a multiplexed sequencing-based, rapid genotyping protocol for high-throughput classification of major clade types of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. This barcoding strategy will be required to monitor decreases in genetic diversity as treatment and vaccine approaches become widely available.