Factors associated with impaired quality of life three months after being diagnosed with COVID-19

Rass, Verena; Ianosi, Bogdan-Andrei; Zamarian, Laura; Beer, Ronny; Sahanic, Sabina; Lindner, Anna; Kofler, Mario; Schiefecker, Alois Josef; Mahlknecht, Philipp; Heim, Beatrice; Limmert, Victoria; Sonnweber, Thomas; Pizzini, Alex; Tymoszuk, Piotr; Scherfler, Christoph; Djamshidian, Atbin; Kiechl, Stefan; Tancevski, Ivan; Seppi, Klaus; Pfausler, Bettina; Loeffler-Ragg, Judith; Helbok, Raimund

PURPOSE: To assess patient characteristics associated with health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) and its mental and physical subcategories 3 months after diagnosis with COVID-19. METHODS: In this prospective multicentre cohort study, HR-QoL was assessed in 90 patients using the SF-36 questionnaire (36-item Short Form Health Survey), which consists of 8 health domains that can be divided into a mental and physical health component. Mental health symptoms including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorders were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5 (PCL-5) 3 months after COVID-19. Using descriptive statistics and multivariable regression analysis, we identified factors associated with impaired HR-QoL 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis. RESULTS: Patients were 55 years of age (IQR, 49–63; 39% women) and were classified as severe (23%), moderate (57%), or mild (20%) according to acute disease severity. HR-QoL was impaired in 28/90 patients (31%). Younger age [per year, adjOR (95%CI) 0.94 (0.88–1.00), p = 0.049], longer hospitalization [per day, adjOR (95%CI) 1.07 (1.01–1.13), p = 0.015], impaired sleep [adjOR (95%CI) 5.54 (1.2–25.61), p = 0.028], and anxiety [adjOR (95%CI) 15.67 (3.03–80.99), p = 0.001) were independently associated with impaired HR-QoL. Twenty-nine percent (n = 26) scored below the normal range on the mental health component of the SF-36 and independent associations emerged for anxiety, depression, and self-reported numbness. Impairments in the physical health component of the SF-36 were reported by 12 (13%) patients and linked to hypogeusia and fatigue. CONCLUSION: Every third patient reported a reduction in HR-QoL 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis and impairments were more prominent in mental than physical well-being. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11136-021-02998-9.