Comparative analysis of chemical breath-prints through olfactory technology for the discrimination between SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and controls

Rodríguez-Aguilar, Maribel; Díaz de León-Martínez, Lorena; Zamora-Mendoza, Blanca Nohemí; Comas-García, Andreu; Guerra Palomares, Sandra Elizabeth; García-Sepúlveda, Christian Alberto; Alcántara-Quintana, Luz Eugenia; Díaz-Barriga, Fernando; Flores-Ramírez, Rogelio

BACKGROUND: We identified a global chemical pattern of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath capable of discriminating between COVID-19 patients and controls (without infection) using an electronic nose. METHODS: The study focused on 42 SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR positive subjects as well as 42 negative subjects. Principal component analysis indicated a separation of the study groups and provides a cumulative percentage of explanation of the variation of 98.3%. RESULTS: The canonical analysis of principal coordinates model shows a separation by the first canonical axis CAP1 (r(2) = 0.939 and 95.23% of correct classification rate), the cut-off point of 0.0089; 100% sensitivity (CI 95%:91.5–100%) and 97.6% specificity (CI 95%:87.4–99.9%). The predictive model usefulness was tested on 30 open population subjects without prior knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR status. Of these 3 subjects exhibited COVID-19 suggestive breath profiles, all asymptomatic at the time, two of which were later shown to be SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR positive. An additional subject had a borderline breath profile and SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR positive. The remaining 27 subjects exhibited healthy breath profiles as well as SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR test results. CONCLUSIONS: In all, the use of olfactory technologies in communities with high transmission rates as well as in resource-limited settings where targeted sampling is not viable represents a practical COVID-19 screening approach capable of promptly identifying COVID-19 suspect patients and providing useful epidemiological information to guide community health strategies in the context of COVID-19.