Non-Ionic Surfactants for Stabilization of Polymeric Nanoparticles for Biomedical Uses

Cortés, Hernán; Hernández-Parra, Héctor; Bernal-Chávez, Sergio A.; Prado-Audelo, María L. Del; Caballero-Florán, Isaac H.; Borbolla-Jiménez, Fabiola V.; González-Torres, Maykel; Magaña, Jonathan J.; Leyva-Gómez, Gerardo

Surfactants are essential in the manufacture of polymeric nanoparticles by emulsion formation methods and to preserve the stability of carriers in liquid media. The deposition of non-ionic surfactants at the interface allows a considerable reduction of the globule of the emulsion with high biocompatibility and the possibility of oscillating the final sizes in a wide nanometric range. Therefore, this review presents an analysis of the three principal non-ionic surfactants utilized in the manufacture of polymeric nanoparticles; polysorbates, poly(vinyl alcohol), and poloxamers. We included a section on general properties and uses and a comprehensive compilation of formulations with each principal non-ionic surfactant. Then, we highlight a section on the interaction of non-ionic surfactants with biological barriers to emphasize that the function of surfactants is not limited to stabilizing the dispersion of nanoparticles and has a broad impact on pharmacokinetics. Finally, the last section corresponds to a recommendation in the experimental approach for choosing a surfactant applying the systematic methodology of Quality by Design.