Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronaviruses and 21st century pandemic: an overview of functional receptors and challenge of therapeutic success. (Special Issue: SARS-CoV-2.)

Iqbal, M. S.; Sardar, N.; Akmal, W.; Qadri, A. M.; Nawaz, R.; Miraj, A.; Akram, A.; Manzoor, Y.; Bilal, M.; Khan, M. I.

Sudden prevalence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has badly impeded and collapsed the emerging global trend of economic development by its ongoing pandemic. The novel coronavirus also named severe acute respiratory syndrome virus - 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the disease COVID-19 that influences the health management of humans and the world commerce badly. It has affected the human social lives and education in underdeveloped countries and severely impeded industries, organizations, agriculture, etc. Three perceptible types of SARS-CoV-2 strains have been discovered. Each of them has specific receptors, and some of them are common in SARS and SARS-CoV-2. Among them, the ACE2 receptor is believed to be the central receptor of human infectious coronaviruses. It supports mainly to get access, enter into the cell, and causes the basic infection. Similarly, TMPRSS2 is also acting as a portal for a virus to get an approach to the cell and does not support metabolic processes like replication virus. ADAM17, which is a member of disintegrins and metalloproteases and is responsible for cell to cell and cell-array interconnections. These receptors can be important for prevention, vaccine development, and therapies. Several therapies in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients have been tried and suggested. Plasma and stem cell therapy reduce the severity of infection at certain levels in individual patients. In this review, we make an effort to cover all of the said aspects of COVID-19 in a very compressive and brief way. Finally, we shed light on vaccination and therapeutic approaches like plasma therapy and stem therapy and their future perspective with the whole discussion conclusion.