Cutaneous Manifestations Related to COVID-19 Immune Dysregulation in the Pediatric Age Group

Larenas-Linnemann, Désirée; Luna-Pech, Jorge; Navarrete-Rodríguez, Elsy M.; Rodríguez-Pérez, Noel; Arias-Cruz, Alfredo; Blandón-Vijil, María Virginia; Del Rio-Navarro, Blanca E.; Estrada-Cardona, Alan; Onuma-Takane, Ernesto; Pozo-Beltrán, Cesar Fireth; Valencia-Herrera, Adriana María; Ortiz-Aldana, Francisco Ignacio; Toledo-Bahena, Mirna Eréndira

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: At the juncture of the COVID-19 pandemic, the world is currently in an early phase of collecting clinical data and reports of its skin manifestations, and its pathophysiology is still highly conjectural. We reviewed cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 in the pediatric age group. RECENT FINDINGS: Children infected by SARS-CoV-2 usually develop milder respiratory symptoms, but cutaneous manifestations seem a little more prevalent than in adults. These skin features of infection by the coronavirus can be similar to those produced by other common viruses, but there are also reports of cases with more heterogeneous clinical pictures, which have made their classification difficult. To date, the more frequently reported skin variants featured in pediatric cases are purpuric (pseudo-chilblain, necrotic-acral ischemia, hemorrhagic macules, and/or cutaneous necrosis), morbilliform/maculopapular, erythema multiforme, urticarial, vesicular, Kawasaki-like, and miscellaneous (highly variable in both frequency and severity). Their pathophysiological mechanism is still elusive and is likely to be the result of the complex involvement of one or more mechanisms, like direct virus-induced skin damage, vasculitis-like reactions, and/or indirect injury as a consequence of a systemic inflammatory reaction. SUMMARY: In this review, we presented and discussed clinical cases as examples of different cutaneous responses reported in some children with SARS-CoV-2 infection, differential diagnosis considerations, and a preliminary conceptual approach to some of their probable associated pathologic mechanisms.