The genome of the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis: a model for animal development, regeneration, immunity and lignocellulose digestion

Damian Kao; Alvina G. Lai; Evangelia Stamataki; Silvana Rosic; Nikolaos Konstantinides; Erin Jarvis; Alessia Di Donfrancesco; Natalia Pouchkina-Stantcheva; Marie Sémon; Marco Grillo; Heather Bruce; Suyash Kumar; Igor Siwanowicz; Andy Le; Andrew Lemire; Michael B. Eisen; Cassandra Extavour; William E. Browne; Carsten Wolff; Michalis Averof; Nipam H. Patel; Peter Sarkies; Anastasios Pavlopoulos; A. Aziz Aboobaker

Parhyale is a detrivore that can be sustained on a diet of carrots ( Figure 11C ), suggesting that they too 397 may be able to depolymerize lignocellulose for energy ( Figure 11A and B). We searched for GH family 398 genes in Parhyale using the classification system of the CAZy (Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes) database changes under specific conditions [111] . POs are involved in several biological processes (like the melanization immune response, wound healing and cuticle sclerotization) and we identified 7 PO genes in 464 Parhyale. Interestingly, hemocyanins and PO activity have been shown to be highly abundant together 465 with glycosyl hydrolases in the digestive system of Isopods and Amphipods, raising a potential 466 mechanistic link between gut sterility and degradation of lignocellulose [30, 33] . From a functional genomics perspective, the Parhyale immune system appears to be a good representative 486 of the malacostrocan or even multicrustacean clade that can be studied in detail with existing tools and 487 resources.