CD169 Defines Activated CD14(+) Monocytes With Enhanced CD8(+) T Cell Activation Capacity

Affandi, Alsya J.; Olesek, Katarzyna; Grabowska, Joanna; Nijen Twilhaar, Maarten K.; Rodríguez, Ernesto; Saris, Anno; Zwart, Eline S.; Nossent, Esther J.; Kalay, Hakan; de Kok, Michael; Kazemier, Geert; Stöckl, Johannes; van den Eertwegh, Alfons J. M.; de Gruijl, Tanja D.; Garcia-Vallejo, Juan J.; Storm, Gert; van Kooyk, Yvette; den Haan, Joke M. M.

Monocytes are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play diverse roles in promoting or regulating inflammatory responses, but their role in T cell stimulation is not well defined. In inflammatory conditions, monocytes frequently show increased expression of CD169/Siglec-1, a type-I interferon (IFN-I)-regulated protein. However, little is known about the phenotype and function of these CD169(+) monocytes. Here, we have investigated the phenotype of human CD169(+) monocytes in different diseases, their capacity to activate CD8(+) T cells, and the potential for a targeted-vaccination approach. Using spectral flow cytometry, we detected CD169 expression by CD14(+) CD16(-) classical and CD14(+) CD16(+) intermediate monocytes and unbiased analysis showed that they were distinct from dendritic cells, including the recently described CD14-expressing DC3. CD169(+) monocytes expressed higher levels of co-stimulatory and HLA molecules, suggesting an increased activation state. IFNα treatment highly upregulated CD169 expression on CD14(+) monocytes and boosted their capacity to cross-present antigen to CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, we observed CD169(+) monocytes in virally-infected patients, including in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of COVID-19 patients, as well as in the blood of patients with different types of cancers. Finally, we evaluated two CD169-targeting nanovaccine platforms, antibody-based and liposome-based, and we showed that CD169(+) monocytes efficiently presented tumor-associated peptides gp100 and WT1 to antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. In conclusion, our data indicate that CD169(+) monocytes are activated monocytes with enhanced CD8(+) T cell stimulatory capacity and that they emerge as an interesting target in nanovaccine strategies, because of their presence in health and different diseases.