Transmission risk of respiratory viruses in natural and mechanical ventilation environments: implications for SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Africa

Sopeyin, Anuoluwapo; Hornsey, Emilio; Okwor, Tochi; Alimi, Yewande; Raji, Tajudeen; Mohammed, Abdulaziz; Moges, Hiwot; Onwuekwe, Ezinne V C; Minja, Frank J; Gon, Giorgia; Ogbuagu, Onyema; Ogunsola, Folasade; Paintsil, Elijah

Respiratory viruses can be transmitted through contact, droplet and airborne routes. Viruses that are not naturally airborne may be aerosolised during medical procedures and transmitted to healthcare workers. Most resource-limited healthcare settings lack complex air handling systems to filter air and create pressure gradients that are necessary for minimising viral transmission. This review explores the association between ventilation and the transmission of respiratory viruses like SAR-CoV-2. When used appropriately, both natural and mechanical ventilation can decrease the concentration of viral aerosols, thereby reducing transmission. Although mechanical ventilation systems are more efficient, installation and maintenance costs limit their use in resource-limited settings, whereas the prevailing climate conditions make natural ventilation less desirable. Cost-effective hybrid systems of natural and mechanical ventilation may overcome these limitations.