Flow cytometric evaluation of the neutrophil compartment in COVID-19 at hospital presentation: A normal response to an abnormal situation.

Spijkerman, Roy; Bongers, Suzanne H; Bindels, Bas J J; Tinnevelt, Gerjen H; Giustarini, Giulio; Jorritsma, Nikita K N; Buitenwerf, Wiebe; van Spengler, Daan E J; Delemarre, Eveline M; Nierkens, Stefan; van Goor, Harriët M R; Jansen, Jeroen J; Vrisekoop, Nienke; Hietbrink, Falco; Leenen, Luke P H; Kaasjager, Karin A H; Koenderman, Leo

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly emerging pandemic disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Critical COVID-19 is thought to be associated with a hyper-inflammatory process that can develop into acute respiratory distress syndrome, a critical disease normally mediated by dysfunctional neutrophils. This study tested the hypothesis whether the neutrophil compartment displays characteristics of hyperinflammation in COVID-19 patients. Therefore, a prospective study was performed on all patients with suspected COVID-19 presenting at the emergency room of a large academic hospital. Blood drawn within 2 d after hospital presentation was analyzed by point-of-care automated flow cytometry and compared with blood samples collected at later time points. COVID-19 patients did not exhibit neutrophilia or eosinopenia. Unexpectedly neutrophil activation markers (CD11b, CD16, CD10, and CD62L) did not differ between COVID-19-positive patients and COVID-19-negative patients diagnosed with other bacterial/viral infections, or between COVID-19 severity groups. In all patients, a decrease was found in the neutrophil maturation markers indicating an inflammation-induced left shift of the neutrophil compartment. In COVID-19 this was associated with disease severity.