SARS-CoV-2 infection induces protective immunity and limits transmission in Syrian hamsters

Selvaraj, Prabhuanand; Lien, Christopher Z; Liu, Shufeng; Stauft, Charles B; Nunez, Ivette A; Hernandez, Mario; Nimako, Eric; Ortega, Mario A; Starost, Matthew F; Dennis, John U; Wang, Tony T

A critical question in understanding the immunity to SARS-COV-2 is whether recovered patients are protected against re-challenge and transmission upon second exposure. We developed a Syrian hamster model in which intranasal inoculation of just 100 TCID(50) virus caused viral pneumonia. Aged hamsters developed more severe disease and even succumbed to SARS-CoV-2 infection, representing the first lethal model using genetically unmodified laboratory animals. After initial viral clearance, the hamsters were re-challenged with 10(5) TCID(50) SARS-CoV-2 and displayed more than 4 log reduction in median viral loads in both nasal washes and lungs in comparison to primary infections. Most importantly, re-challenged hamsters were unable to transmit virus to naïve hamsters, and this was accompanied by the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Altogether, these results show that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces protective immunity that not only prevents re-exposure but also limits transmission in hamsters. These findings may help guide public health policies and vaccine development and aid evaluation of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.