Characteristics and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 in children tested in the early phase of the pandemic: a cross-sectional study, Italy, 23 February to 24 May 2020

Lazzerini, Marzia; Sforzi, Idanna; Trapani, Sandra; Biban, Paolo; Silvagni, Davide; Villa, Giovanna; Tibaldi, Jessica; Bertacca, Luca; Felici, Enrico; Perricone, Giuseppina; Parrino, Roberta; Gioè, Claudia; Lega, Sara; Conte, Mariasole; Marchetti, Federico; Magista, Annamaria; Berlese, Paola; Martelossi, Stefano; Vaienti, Francesca; Valletta, Enrico; Mauro, Margherita; Dall’Amico, Roberto; Fasoli, Silvia; Gatto, Antonio; Chiaretti, Antonio; Dragovic, Danica; Pascolo, Paola; Pilotto, Chiara; Liguoro, Ilaria; Miorin, Elisabetta; Saretta, Francesca; Trobia, Gian Luca; Di Stefano, Antonella; Orlandi, Azzurra; Cardinale, Fabio; Lubrano, Riccardo; Testa, Alessia; Binotti, Marco; Moressa, Valentina; Barbi, Egidio; Armocida, Benedetta; Mariani, Ilaria

BACKGROUND: Very few studies describe factors associated with COVID-19 diagnosis in children. AIM: We here describe characteristics and risk factors for COVID-19 diagnosis in children tested in 20 paediatric centres across Italy. METHODS: We included cases aged 0–18 years tested between 23 February and 24 May 2020. Our primary analysis focused on children tested because of symptoms/signs suggestive of COVID-19. RESULTS: Among 2,494 children tested, 2,148 (86.1%) had symptoms suggestive of COVID-19. Clinical presentation of confirmed COVID-19 cases included besides fever (82.4%) and respiratory signs or symptoms (60.4%) also gastrointestinal (18.2%), neurological (18.9%), cutaneous (3.8%) and other unspecific influenza-like presentations (17.8%). In multivariate analysis, factors significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity were: exposure history (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 39.83; 95% confidence interval (CI): 17.52–90.55; p < 0.0001), cardiac disease (AOR: 3.10; 95% CI: 1.19–5.02; p < 0.0001), fever (AOR: 3.05%; 95% CI: 1.67–5.58; p = 0.0003) and anosmia/ageusia (AOR: 4.08; 95% CI: 1.69–9.84; p = 0.002). Among 190 (7.6%) children positive for SARS-CoV-2, only four (2.1%) required respiratory support and two (1.1%) were admitted to intensive care; all recovered. CONCLUSION: Recommendations for SARS-CoV-2 testing in children should consider the evidence of broader clinical features. Exposure history, fever and anosmia/ageusia are strong risk factors in children for positive SARS-CoV-2 testing, while other symptoms did not help discriminate positive from negative individuals. This study confirms that COVID-19 was a mild disease in the general paediatric population in Italy. Further studies are needed to understand risk, clinical spectrum and outcomes of COVID-19 in children with pre-existing conditions.