SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance identifies naturally occurring truncation of ORF7a that limits immune suppression.

Nemudryi, Artem; Nemudraia, Anna; Wiegand, Tanner; Nichols, Joseph; Snyder, Deann T.; Hedges, Jodi F.; Cicha, Calvin; Lee, Helen; Vanderwood, Karl K.; Bimczok, Diane; Jutila, Mark A.; Wiedenheft, Blake

Over 950,000 whole genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 have been determined for viruses isolated from around the world. These sequences have been critical for understanding the spread and evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Using global phylogenomics, we show that mutations frequently occur in the C-terminal end of ORF7a. We have isolated one of these mutant viruses from a patient sample and used viral challenge experiments to link this isolate (ORF7aΔ115) to a growth defect. ORF7a has been implicated in immune modulation, and we show that the C-terminal truncation negates anti-immune activities of the protein, which results in elevated type I interferon response to the viral infection. Collectively, this work indicates that ORF7a mutations occur frequently and that these changes affect viral mechanisms responsible for suppressing the immune response.