HGF, IL-1α, and IL-27 Are Robust Biomarkers in Early Severity Stratification of COVID-19 Patients

Tamayo-Velasco, Álvaro; Martínez-Paz, Pedro; Peñarrubia-Ponce, María Jesús; de la Fuente, Ignacio; Pérez-González, Sonia; Fernández, Itziar; Dueñas, Carlos; Gómez-Sánchez, Esther; Lorenzo-López, Mario; Gómez-Pesquera, Estefanía; Heredia-Rodríguez, María; Carnicero-Frutos, Irene; Muñoz-Moreno, María Fe; Bernardo, David; Álvarez, Francisco Javier; Tamayo, Eduardo; Gonzalo-Benito, Hugo

Pneumonia is the leading cause of hospital admission and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to identify the cytokines responsible for lung damage and mortality. We prospectively recruited 108 COVID-19 patients between March and April 2020 and divided them into four groups according to the severity of respiratory symptoms. Twenty-eight healthy volunteers were used for normalization of the results. Multiple cytokines showed statistically significant differences between mild and critical patients. High HGF levels were associated with the critical group (OR = 3.51; p < 0.001; 95%CI = 1.95–6.33). Moreover, high IL-1α (OR = 1.36; p = 0.01; 95%CI = 1.07–1.73) and low IL-27 (OR = 0.58; p < 0.005; 95%CI = 0.39–0.85) greatly increased the risk of ending up in the severe group. This model was especially sensitive in order to predict critical status (AUC = 0.794; specificity = 69.74%; sensitivity = 81.25%). Furthermore, high levels of HGF and IL-1α showed significant results in the survival analysis (p = 0.033 and p = 0.011, respectively). HGF, IL-1α, and IL 27 at hospital admission were strongly associated with severe/critical COVID-19 patients and therefore are excellent predictors of bad prognosis. HGF and IL-1α were also mortality biomarkers.