Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in Dromedary Camels in Saudi Arabia

Alagaili, Abdulaziz N.; Briese, Thomas; Mishra, Nischay; Kapoor, Vishal; Sameroff, Stephen C.; de Wit, Emmie; Munster, Vincent J.; Hensley, Lisa E.; Zalmout, Iyad S.; Kapoor, Amit; Epstein, Jonathan H.; Karesh, William B.; Daszak, Peter; Mohammed, Osama B.; Lipkin, W. Ian

The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is proposed to be a zoonotic disease; however, the reservoir and mechanism for transmission of the causative agent, the MERS coronavirus, are unknown. Dromedary camels have been implicated through reports that some victims have been exposed to camels, camels in areas where the disease has emerged have antibodies to the virus, and viral sequences have been recovered from camels in association with outbreaks of the disease among humans. Nonetheless, whether camels mediate transmission to humans is unresolved. Here we provide evidence from a geographic and temporal survey of camels in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that MERS coronaviruses have been circulating in camels since at least 1992, are distributed countrywide, and can be phylogenetically classified into clades that correlate with outbreaks of the disease among humans. We found no evidence of infection in domestic sheep or domestic goats.