Author: Jordan, S. C.
Title: Innate and adaptive immune responses to SARSâ€CoVâ€2 in humans: relevance to acquired immunity and vaccine responses Cord-id: 9x2glydc Document date: 2021_3_4
ID: 9x2glydc
Snippet: The factors responsible for the spectrum of coronavirus 19 (COVIDâ€19) disease severity and the genesis and nature of protective immunity against COVIDâ€19 remain elusive. Multiple studies have investigated the immune responses to COVIDâ€19 in various populations, including those without evidence of COVIDâ€19 infection. Information regarding innate and adaptive immune responses to the novel severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSâ€CoVâ€2) has evolved rapidly. Data are accumulating
Document: The factors responsible for the spectrum of coronavirus 19 (COVIDâ€19) disease severity and the genesis and nature of protective immunity against COVIDâ€19 remain elusive. Multiple studies have investigated the immune responses to COVIDâ€19 in various populations, including those without evidence of COVIDâ€19 infection. Information regarding innate and adaptive immune responses to the novel severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSâ€CoVâ€2) has evolved rapidly. Data are accumulating defining disease phenotypes that aid in rational and informed development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of patients infected with SARSâ€CoVâ€2 and the development of novel vaccines. In this paper, data on important innate immune responses are summarized, including cytokines, specifically interleukin (IL)â€6 and complement, and potential treatments are explored. Adaptive immune responses and derivative therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies directed at spike proteins are also examined. Finally, data on realâ€time assessments of adaptive immune responses are explored, which include CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells, natural killer (NK) T cells, memory B cells and T follicular cells with specificities for COVIDâ€19 peptides in infected and normal individuals. Data of two novel vaccines have been released, both showing > 95% efficacy in preventing SARSâ€CoVâ€2 infection. Analysis of humoral and cellular responses to the vaccines will determine the robustness and durability of protection. In addition, longâ€term assessment of SARSâ€CoVâ€2 memory B and T cellâ€mediated immune responses in patients recovering from an infection or those with crossâ€reactive immunological memory will help to define risk for future SARSâ€CoV infections. Finally, patients recovering from SARSâ€CoVâ€2 infection may experience prolonged immune activation probably due to T cell exhaustion. This will be an important new frontier for study.
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