Indications that Stockholm has reached herd immunity, given limited restrictions, against several variants of SARS-CoV-2

Carlsson, M.; Soderberg-Naucler, C.

"When COVID-19 cases go up, public compliance with restrictions is poor, when cases go down, public compliance is good." In this article, we question this explanation and show that relatively low levels of sero-prevalence helps to keep cases down. In other words, the herd-immunity threshold appears to be much lower than previously thought. We construct a mathematical model taking pre-immunity, antibody waning and more infectious variants of concern into consideration, thereby providing a theoretical framework in which the cases in Stockholm county can be fully predicted without relying on neither oscillations in restrictions (and public compliance thereof) nor vaccination roll-out. We also show that it is very difficult to match the data from Stockholm without including pre-immunity, or, which turns out to be equivalent, great variations in susceptibility.