Low-density lipoprotein is a potential predictor of poor prognosis in patients with coronavirus disease 2019

Fan, Junli; Wang, Hui; Ye, Guangming; Cao, Xiaoling; Xu, Xianqun; Tan, Wenbin; Zhang, Yongxi

Abstract Background The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global threat to public health. The lipid pathophysiology in COVID-19 is unknown. Methods In this retrospective longitudinal study, we monitored the serum lipids in 17 surviving and 4 non-surviving COVID-19 cases prior to their viral infections and duration the entire disease courses. Results In surviving cases, the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels decreased significantly on admission as compared with the levels before infection; the LDL levels remained constantly low during the disease progression and resumed to the original levels when patients recovered (pre-infection: 3.5 (3.0–4.4); on admission: 2.8 (2.3–3.1), p < .01; progression: 2.5 (2.3–3.0); discharge: 3.6 (2.7–4.1); median (IQR), in mmol/L). In non-surviving patients, LDL levels showed an irreversible and continuous decrease until death (1.1 (0.9–1.2), p = .02 versus the levels on admission). The ratio changes of LDL levels inversely correlated with ratio changes of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. Logistic regression analysis showed increasing odds of lowered LDL levels associated with disease progression (odds ratio: 4.48, 95% IC: 1.55–12.92, p = .006) and in-hospital death (odds ratio: 21.72, 95% IC: 1.40–337.54, p = .028). Conclusions LDL levels inversely correlated to disease severities, which could be a predictor for disease progress and poor prognosis.