Two mechanisms for accelerated diffusion of COVID-19 outbreaks in regions with high intensity of population and polluting industrialization: the air pollution-to-human and human-to-human transmission dynamics

Mario Coccia

The estimation of equation [2] is also performed using hierarchical multiple regression, a variant of the basic multiple regression procedure that allows to specify a fixed order of entry for variables in order to control for the effects of covariates or to test the effects of certain predictors independent of the influence of others. The R 2 changes are important to assess the predictive role of additional variables. The adjusted R-square and standard error of the estimate are useful as comparative measures to assess results between models. The F-test evaluates if the regression model is better than using only the mean of the dependent variable. If the F value is very small (e.g., 0.001), then the independent variables reliably predict the dependent variable.