Durability of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses at 12-months post-infection.

Lu, Zhongyan; Laing, Eric D; Pena DaMata, Jarina; Pohida, Katherine; Tso, Marana S; Samuels, Emily C; Epsi, Nusrat J; Dorjbal, Batsukh; Lake, Camille; Richard, Stephanie A; Maves, Ryan C; Lindholm, David A; Rozman, Julia; English, Caroline; Huprikar, Nikhil; Mende, Katrin; Colombo, Rhonda E; Colombo, Christopher J; Broder, Christopher C; Ganesan, Anuradha; Lanteri, Charlotte A; Agan, Brian K; Tribble, David; Simons, Mark P; Dalgard, Clifton L; Blair, Paul W; Chenoweth, Josh; Pollett, Simon D; Snow, Andrew L; Burgess, Timothy H; Malloy, Allison M W

BACKGROUND Characterizing the longevity and quality of cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 enhances understanding of COVID-19 immunity that influences clinical outcomes. Prior studies suggest SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells are present in peripheral blood 10 months after infection. Further analysis of the function, durability, and diversity of the cellular response long after natural infection, over a wider range of ages and disease phenotypes, is needed to further identify preventative and therapeutic interventions. METHODS We identified participants in our multi-site longitudinal, prospective cohort study 12-months post SARS-CoV-2 infection representing a range of disease severity. We investigated the function, phenotypes, and frequency of T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 using intracellular cytokine staining and spectral flow cytometry. In parallel, the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies was compared. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and T cells were detected at 12-months post-infection. Severity of acute illness was associated with higher frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 T cells and antibodies at 12-months. In contrast, polyfunctional and cytotoxic T cells responsive to SARS-CoV-2 were identified in participants over a wide spectrum of disease severity. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces polyfunctional memory T cells detectable at 12-months post-infection, with higher frequency noted in those who originally experienced severe disease.