Escaping the Lion's Den: Redirecting autophagy for unconventional release and spread of viruses.

Teo, Qi Wen; van Leur, Sophie Wilhelmina; Sanyal, Sumana

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process, designed to maintain cellular homeostasis during a range of internal and external stimuli. Conventionally, autophagy is known for co-ordinated degradation and recycling of intracellular components and removal of cytosolic pathogens. More recently, several lines of evidence have indicated an unconventional, non-degradative role of autophagy for secretion of cargo that lacks a signal peptide. This process referred to as secretory autophagy has also been implicated in the infection cycle of several virus species. This review focuses on the current evidence available on the non-degradative features of autophagy, emphasizing its potential role and unresolved questions in the release and spread of (-) and (+) RNA viruses.