Evolution of spray and aerosol from respiratory releases: theoretical estimates for insight on viral transmission

de Oliveira, P. M.; Mesquita, L. C. C.; Gkantonas, S.; Giusti, A.; Mastorakos, E.

By modelling the evaporation and settling of droplets emitted during respiratory releases and using previous measurements of droplet size distributions and SARS-CoV-2 viral load, estimates of the evolution of the liquid mass and the number of viral copies suspended were performed as a function of time from the release. The settling times of a droplet cloud and its suspended viral dose are significantly affected by the droplet composition. The aerosol (defined as droplets smaller than 5 m resulting from 30 seconds of continued speech has o(1h) settling time and a viable viral dose an order-of-magnitude higher than in a short cough. The time-of-flight to reach 2m is only a few seconds resulting in a viral dose above the minimum required for infection, implying that physical distancing in the absence of ventilation is not sufficient to provide safety for long exposure times. The suspended aerosol emitted by continuous speaking for 1 hour in a poorly ventilated room gives 0.1-11% infection risk for initial viral loads of 10^8-10^10 copies/ml, respectively, decreasing to 0.03-3% for 10 air changes per hour by ventilation. The present results provide quantitative estimates useful for the development of physical-distancing and ventilation controls.