Novel Multiplexed Amplicon-Based Sequencing to Quantify SARS-CoV-2 RNA from Wastewater

Ni, Gaofeng; Lu, Ji; Maulani, Nova; Tian, Wei; Yang, Lin; Harliwong, Ivon; Wang, Zhiyao; Mueller, Jochen; Yang, Bicheng; Yuan, Zhiguo; Hu, Shihu; Guo, Jianhua

[Image: see text] The application of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to support the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic has shown encouraging outcomes. The accurate, sensitive, and high-throughput detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in municipal wastewater is critical for WBE. Here, we present a novel approach based on multiplexed amplicon-based sequencing, namely the ATOPlex platform, for detecting SARS-CoV-2. The ATOPlex platform is capable of quantifying SARS-CoV-2 RNA at concentrations that are at least 1 order of magnitude lower than the detection limit of reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Robust and accurate phylogenetic placement can be done at viral concentrations 4 times lower than the detection limit of RT-qPCR. We further found that the solid fraction in wastewater harbors a considerable amount of viral RNA, highlighting the need to extract viral RNA from the solid and liquid fractions of wastewater. This study delivers a highly sensitive, phylogenetically informative, and high-throughput analytical workflow that facilitates the application of WBE.