Author: Woolhouse, Mark; Scott, Fiona; Hudson, Zoe; Howey, Richard; Chase-Topping, Margo
Title: Human viruses: discovery and emergence Document date: 2012_10_19
ID: 0i59vlyd_21
Snippet: The remaining viruses, as far as we are aware, only naturally infect humans (these are sometimes referred to as 'specialist' human pathogens [27] ). Some of these (e.g. hepatitis B) may have co-evolved with humans over very long time periods [28] ; others (e.g. HIV-1) have much more recent origins [29] . Some of both kinds are believed to have originated in other mammal or bird species [30] , including: HIV-1 (derived from a simian immunodeficien.....
Document: The remaining viruses, as far as we are aware, only naturally infect humans (these are sometimes referred to as 'specialist' human pathogens [27] ). Some of these (e.g. hepatitis B) may have co-evolved with humans over very long time periods [28] ; others (e.g. HIV-1) have much more recent origins [29] . Some of both kinds are believed to have originated in other mammal or bird species [30] , including: HIV-1 (derived from a simian immunodeficiency virus found in chimpanzees); HIV-2 (sooty mangabeys); severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS; horseshoe bats); hepatitis B, human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1 and -2, dengue and yellow fever (all primates); human coronavirus OC43, measles, mumps and smallpox (all livestock); and influenza A (wildfowl). However, we do not know the origins of the majority of specialist human viruses, a gap in knowledge that has prompted calls for an 'origins initiative' [30] .
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