Identification of Common Biological Pathways and Drug Targets Across Multiple Respiratory Viruses Based on Human Host Gene Expression Analysis

Smith, Steven B.; Dampier, William; Tozeren, Aydin; Brown, James R.; Magid-Slav, Michal

Amrinone is a type 3 pyridine phosphodiesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and is an inhibitor of TNF [74] . Phosphodiesterase inhibitors have been shown to alter immune response [75] [76] [77] [78] and, in one case, specifically through TNF [79] . Amrinone is known to modulate pro-and antiinflammatory factors in endotoxin-stimulated cells [80] . Type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitors have been used to treat RSV-induced airway hyper-responsiveness and lung eosinophilia [81] . Therefore, indirect evidence suggests that Armirone may be beneficial in respiratory viral infection situations by inhibiting TNF via type 4 phosphodiesterase, although this has yet to be seen in clinical studies.