Author: Wang, Ran; Moniruzzaman, Md.; Shuffle, Eric; Lourie, Rohan; Hasnain, Sumaira Z
Title: Immune regulation of the unfolded protein response at the mucosal barrier in viral infection Document date: 2018_4_3
ID: 07dlf3zw_15
Snippet: The UPR and inflammation are interconnected on many levels. Defects in protein folding or in any of the individual branches of the UPR spontaneously induce an inflammatory response. In a clinical setting, this has been described particularly in inflammatory bowel disease 8 and lung disease. 8, 14 Upon sensing pathogenassociated antigens, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerisati.....
Document: The UPR and inflammation are interconnected on many levels. Defects in protein folding or in any of the individual branches of the UPR spontaneously induce an inflammatory response. In a clinical setting, this has been described particularly in inflammatory bowel disease 8 and lung disease. 8, 14 Upon sensing pathogenassociated antigens, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain (NOD)-like receptors can lead to the UPR activation and subsequent inflammation. TLR2 and TLR4 can activate IRE1a with resultant increased sXBP1 required for optimal and sustained production of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages. 11 NOD1 and NOD2 signalling can trigger the UPR activation and inflammatory cytokine IL-6 production from macrophages in a murine model of bacterial infection. 15 ER stress and the UPR activation generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), which modify the redox state of the ER, triggering an inflammatory response.
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