Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory Virus Infections

Bohmwald, Karen; Gálvez, Nicolás M. S.; Ríos, Mariana; Kalergis, Alexis M.

Interestingly, IL-13 showed an early induction in the acute phase of the viral infection and then decreased rapidly, to eventually increase after 60 days post-infection (Jang et al., 2012) . Moreover, GM-CSF, another cytokine, was not detected in the acute infection, but increased at the same time as IL-13 increased, whereas cytokines such an IL-1, IL-6 and G-CSF, among others, were only detected until 21 days post-infection (Jang et al., 2012 ; Figure 2 ). All the data suggest that the local immune, response mediated mainly by microglia, promotes neurons death and protein aggregation, inducing the development of neurodegenerative diseases (Jang et al., 2012) . This phenomenon was also observed for H1N1 (CA/09), which promotes the microglial activation mainly in the SNpc and the hippocampal dentate gyrus, however, this virus is not neurotropic (Sadasivan et al., 2015) . Additionally, this virus is not able to induce the disruption of BBB which is consistent with the absence of immune cells infiltration into the CNS (Sadasivan et al., 2015) .