Nitric oxide induced by Indian ginseng root extract inhibits Infectious Bursal Disease virus in chicken embryo fibroblasts in vitro

Ganguly, Bhaskar; Umapathi, Vijaypillai; Rastogi, Sunil Kumar

Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to inhibit a number of viruses, including Herpes Simplex virus type 1 [7] , Ectromelia virus, Vaccinia virus [15] , Vesicular Stomatitis virus [5] , and murine Friend leukemia retrovirus [1] . Lin et al. [20] have reported the inhibitory effect of NO on Japanese encephalitis viral RNA synthesis, viral protein accumulation, and virus release from infected cells. NO also inhibited the replication cycle of Encephalomyocarditis virus [14] , Coxsackie virus [26] , Marek's diseases virus [27] , Respiratory Syncytial virus [3] and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus [2] . NO combines with superoxide radical to produce peroxynitrite radical (ONOO − ) that reacts with capsid proteins on Coxsackie virus, leading to the inhibition of viral entry into cells [22] . NO also inhibits a variety of transcription factors [13] and viral proteinases [6] that are required for viral replication. Takhampunya et al. [23] reported the inhibitory effect of NO on Dengue virus infection, partly via the inhibition of the RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme) activity, which then down-regulates viral RNA synthesis. Jena [17] could demonstrate the inhibition of IBD virus (IBDV) replication in CEF by NO.