Poultry trading behaviours in Vietnamese live bird markets as risk factors for avian influenza infection in chickens

Sealy, Joshua E.; Fournie, Guillaume; Trang, Pham Hong; Dang, Nguyen Hoang; Sadeyen, Jean-Remy; Thanh, To Long; van Doorn, H. Rogier; Bryant, Juliet E.; Iqbal, Munir

Univariable analysis was used to identify potential risk factors related to the origin and management of poultry by traders, and subsequently included in multivariable analysis. Thirteen of 19 explanatory variables were identified as having a significant association with influenza virus A infection in chickens (Table 2) In the final multivariable model, the sampled LBM was used as a random effect because poultry traders were naturally grouped into the eight selected LBMs. Three risk factors and one protective factor were identified. The risk factors included sourcing poultry from middlemen, selling poultry to consumers and having a greater number of ducks unsold per day (Table 3 ). The protective factor was selling more chickens per day.