Recent Advances in Nanovaccines Using Biomimetic Immunomodulatory Materials

Vijayan, Veena; Mohapatra, Adityanarayan; Uthaman, Saji; Park, In-Kyu

Nanovaccines have attracted tremendous interest over the past few years, due to their unique physicochemical characteristics. The roles of nanovaccines as potent vaccine have been examined to boost their therapeutic activity by enhancing their stability, prolonging their circulation and site-specific accumulation, increasing their delivery according to various biological and external stimulus, and overcoming all physiological barriers. As an active immunogenic material to modulate the immune response, nanovaccine enables antigen stability, enhances antigen processing and immunogenicity with targeted delivery, and prevents the burst release of antigens and adjuvants. Nanoscale delivery vehicles help in the design of nanovaccines that can elicit potent immune responses to overcome tumor immunosuppression. Biomimetic nanovaccines have emerged as a promising candidate with multiple functionalities in a single nanoplatform. Biomimetic nanovaccines enable the co-delivery of both antigen and adjuvant in a single platform with minimal side effects, and the camouflaging property of bio membranes makes it noteworthy. Biomimetic nanovaccines can act as a vaccination against various infectious diseases. Due to their intrinsic properties, bio-inspired nanovaccines act as immune-modulatory agents to stimulate DC maturation and cytotoxic T-cell production. As a bio-carrier, nanovaccines can transport both antigens and adjuvants with active drugs to enhance antigen presentation and immune response activation. Biomimetic nanovaccines are suitable epitopes to produce adequate antibodies, such as neutralizing antibodies, against viral and parasite infection. They act as natural substrates to adsorb the endotoxins onto their surface to relieve the infections in our body. Tumor suppressive agents are re-challenged by the nanovaccines, and the response against the cancer cell is being attuned to eradicate it. Notwithstanding a few challenges and limitations to biomimetic nanovaccines, the advantages as mentioned above demonstrate that these nanovaccines will conquer and open various novel therapeutic modalities for various diseases.