Ribosomal frameshifting and transcriptional slippage: From genetic steganography and cryptography to adventitious use

Atkins, John F.; Loughran, Gary; Bhatt, Pramod R.; Firth, Andrew E.; Baranov, Pavel V.

ncy, though it was not distinguished whether the effect was direct or via its encoded product (465) . However, in these experiments the polyamine levels were varied more drastically than in the experiments in S. cerevisiae and Agaricomycotina (268, 466) . Further work will be required to assess whether the mammalian cell findings in (465) reflect a basic system that was Nucleic Acids Research, 2016, Vol. 44, No. 15 7039 Table 2 . Amino acids encoded by codons eight to five 5 of the frameshift site in diverse antizyme mRNAs. The antizyme 3 frameshift region is very different from all others in that it appears to lack all known stimulatory signals, and in heterologous mammalian cells gives a very low level of frameshifting. The identifiable signals in Zebra fish, D. rerio, retina and brain specific antizyme mRNA are intermediate in potential strength. For those mRNAs with a pseudoknot frameshifting stimulator 3 nts 3 of the shift site, the pseudoknot is expected to be at the unwinding site and at the outer edge of the mRNA entrance channel when codons −2 to −4 are at the ribosomal P-site. For Cardiovirus -1 framshifting see Figure 3B ). later refined for the sensing of subtler physiological variations in polyamine levels.