Author: Criscuolo, E.; Caputo, V.; Diotti, R. A.; Sautto, G. A.; Kirchenbaum, G. A.; Clementi, N.
Title: Alternative Methods of Vaccine Delivery: An Overview of Edible and Intradermal Vaccines Document date: 2019_3_4
ID: 0xo2fiop_31
Snippet: Regarding the use of GEMs as adjuvants, because of their nature, GEMs are safer adjuvants compared to others. Moreover, they retain the inflammatory properties of live bacteria and enhanced specific mucosal and systemic immune responses of the influenza subunit vaccine [90] [91] [92] . Therefore, the use of GEMs was further examined in a study investigating the immune response elicited by intranasal delivery of the influenza subunit vaccine coadm.....
Document: Regarding the use of GEMs as adjuvants, because of their nature, GEMs are safer adjuvants compared to others. Moreover, they retain the inflammatory properties of live bacteria and enhanced specific mucosal and systemic immune responses of the influenza subunit vaccine [90] [91] [92] . Therefore, the use of GEMs was further examined in a study investigating the immune response elicited by intranasal delivery of the influenza subunit vaccine coadministrated with GEM (FluGEM). In detail, an influenza-specific memory B cell response and the presence of long-lived antibodysecreting plasma cells were reported. Additionally, this immune response was able to confer protection from influenza infections [91] . These important results obtained in murine studies have led to a phase I clinical trial which confirmed the positive preclinical data. Systemic hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers and local SIgA responses were reported. Further studies will assess if this immune response confers protection against the influenza virus [93] .
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