Orchestrated efforts on host network hijacking: Processes governing virus replication

Dai, Xiaofeng; Hakizimana, Olivier; Zhang, Xuanhao; Kaushik, Aman Chandra; Zhang, Jianying

The life cycle of a dividing cell can be split into four stages (G1, S, G2, and M) with an additional distinct quiescent stage G0 that occurs outside of the cell cycle. The natural cell cycle consists of a number of checkpoints such as G2/M, G1/S, and G0/G1 to allow cell arrest in response to DNA damage or other environmental changes for the sake of accurate genetic material passaging. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are the primary components that drive the cell cycle clock by forming an active protein complex. Viruses may subvert the cell cycle in favor of their rapid replication through, primarily, modulating the interactions, phosphorylation, degradation, redistribution, and encoding homologs of cyclins, CDKs, their inhibitors as well as other relevant proteins such as TP53 and checkpoint kinases [92] .