Recent Advances in Nanovaccines Using Biomimetic Immunomodulatory Materials

Vijayan, Veena; Mohapatra, Adityanarayan; Uthaman, Saji; Park, In-Kyu

elivery [121] . RTS,S vaccine, developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), was the first malaria vaccine for clinical trials [122] . RTS, a single polypeptide that is specific towards Plasmodium falciparum, is fused with S polypeptide to produce VLPs. RTS, S antigen, and AS01 was an effective formulation to reduce 46% malaria infection in children [122] . RTS,S vaccine is circumsporozoite protein (CSP)-based VLPs from the CSP-hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) fusion protein that targets the pre-erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Kathrine et al. [123] developed a more immunogenic CSP-based particle vaccine compare to RTS,S, which is named R21. R21 is comprised of a single CSP-hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) fusion protein, which has a higher proportion of CSP than RTS,S, to induce a robust immune response against Plasmodium falciparum infection. A low dosage of R21 delivery with adjuvants such as Abisco-100 and Matrix-M achieved strong humoral and cellular immune responses against the sporozoite challenge in BALB/C mice [123] . The combination of thrombospondin related adhesion protein (TRAP) and R21 induced high levels of TRAP-specific CD8 + T-cells and is currently under clinical trials.