Recent Advances in Nanovaccines Using Biomimetic Immunomodulatory Materials

Vijayan, Veena; Mohapatra, Adityanarayan; Uthaman, Saji; Park, In-Kyu

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious disease caused by FMD viruses found in cloven-hoofed animals; it is transmissible from animal to human [10, 143] . FMDV vaccination is the traditional approach, which is time-consuming and expensive. It is less useful to induce sufficient mucosal immunity against the FMDV. NPs are a well-known drug carrier for antigens and adjuvants and can produce strong resistance. Teng et al. [144] developed an FMD vaccine by using gold nanostars (AuSNs) and FMD VLP (FMD VLPs-AuSNs) complexes. FMD VLPs-AuSNs nanovaccines (shown in Figure 9 ) augmented a robust immune response against FMDV. This biomimetic vaccine manifested a high cellular uptake, due to VLP modification. The macrophage activation with FMD VLPs-AuSNs was relatively higher than VLPs, because AuNPs and the nitric oxide production induced a robust immune activation against the FMDV. Another biomimetic nanovaccine was formulated by using synthetic peptide derived from the FMDV and gold NP (AuNP) [143] . The synthetic peptide of the capsid protein (VP1) of the FMDV had a strong immune activation in guinea pigs with 40% higher efficacy, compared to that for the FMD vaccine. Table 3 summarizes the type of biomimetic NPs and the therapeutic cargoes used along with its application in the treatment of various diseases. Table 3 . List of biomimetic nanovaccines for various treatments.