Orchestrated efforts on host network hijacking: Processes governing virus replication

Dai, Xiaofeng; Hakizimana, Olivier; Zhang, Xuanhao; Kaushik, Aman Chandra; Zhang, Jianying

Several critical points need to be elucidated for appropriate understanding of the five identified processes before translating them into the clinical and/or industrial practice. First, these processes primarily affect virus replication, which do not exclude the importance of other elements in a particular application. For instance, cells feasible for vaccine production cannot be tumorigenic or pathogenic at the first hand. Second, the panel of primary processes driving cell fate reprogramming in a particular infection may be some but not all of the five factors and differ among viruses. Third, underpinning these five identified processes on virus survival and replication does not exclude the probability of other processes contributing to virus replication control. Lastly, the identified 5 processes affecting virus replication correspond to 7 out of the 10 cancer hallmarks [155] , i.e. the two cell survival programs could be covered by "sustaining proliferative signaling", "evading growth suppressors", "resisting cell death" in cancer hallmarks, the immune response program could be matched to "avoiding immune destruction" and "tumorpromoting inflammation" cancer hallmarks, "cell cycle alteration" identified here and the "enabling replicative immortality" cancer hallmark both refer to cell cycle, and "lipid metabolic reprogramming" is part of the "deregulating cellular energetics" cancer hallmark. Therefore, on one hand, therapeutic strategies against cancer and virus diseases may share some similarities and can thus likely be cross-referenced; on the other hand, it is necessary to check the oncogenic potential of cells established for rapid production of multiple viruses. Three out of the 10 cancer hallmarks are uncovered by the five processes, "genome instability & mutation", "inducing angiogenesis", and "activating invasion & metastasis", which should be used for testing cells' oncogenic potential through assays examing cell line stability and cell migration.