Zoonotic Diseases and Phytochemical Medicines for Microbial Infections in Veterinary Science: Current State and Future Perspective

Shin, Bora; Park, Woojun

In the poultry industry, campylobacteriosis is also a common disease transmitted from other livestock, e.g., farmed cattle, swine, or poultry, with staphylococcosis (22) . Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are representative pathogens that are a major cause of human gastroenteritis (22) . Their predominant ecological niche is the gastrointestinal tract of a wide range of domesticated and wild vertebrates, and zoonotic transmission from animals to people via meat, especially chicken, is a food safety issue (23) . Campylobacter spp. are also commonly isolated from a wide variety of birds, including waterfowl, raptors, crows, and pigeons, that pollute the habitats of grazing animals. In addition, insects and rodents, such as flies, rats, and mice, have been reported to transmit C. jejuni (22) . Other species, such as C. lari, C. helveticus, and C. upsaliensis, have also been isolated from patients with diarrheal disease but are reported less frequently. Campylobacteriosis is most commonly treated with azithromycin, levofloxacin, clindamycin, aminoglycodies, fluoroquinolones (e.g., nalidixic acid), and cephalosporins (e.g., cephalothin). However, the emergence of resistance to cephalosporins has rapidly increased over the last 10 years (23) . Thus, it is necessary to find new drugs or supplements to reduce resistance to antibiotics.