Parainfluenza Virus Infection Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Children and Adults Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa, 2009–2014

Cohen, Adam L.; Sahr, Philip K.; Treurnicht, Florette; Walaza, Sibongile; Groome, Michelle J.; Kahn, Kathleen; Dawood, Halima; Variava, Ebrahim; Tempia, Stefano; Pretorius, Marthi; Moyes, Jocelyn; Olorunju, Steven A. S.; Malope-Kgokong, Babatyi; Kuonza, Lazarus; Wolter, Nicole; von Gottberg, Anne; Madhi, Shabir A.; Venter, Marietjie; Cohen, Cheryl

In South Africa, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is prevalent, which impacts respiratory disease burden [13] . In 2009, the national HIV prevalence estimate among children <5 years was 4.1% and decreased to 3.5% by 2013; the HIV prevalence among adults ≥18 years of age was approximately 16.0% during the same time [14] . A study from Soweto prior to availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) found that HIV-infected children with PIV-associated lower respiratory tract infection had greater morbidity and mortality than HIVuninfected children [15] . A more recent study from Cape Town found that PIV was associated with 12% of viral-associated pediatric intensive care unit admissions [16] . Previous studies from our group have detected PIV in 2.8% of adults and 9.4% of children hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illness [17] [18] [19] .