Parainfluenza Virus Infection Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Children and Adults Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa, 2009–2014

Cohen, Adam L.; Sahr, Philip K.; Treurnicht, Florette; Walaza, Sibongile; Groome, Michelle J.; Kahn, Kathleen; Dawood, Halima; Variava, Ebrahim; Tempia, Stefano; Pretorius, Marthi; Moyes, Jocelyn; Olorunju, Steven A. S.; Malope-Kgokong, Babatyi; Kuonza, Lazarus; Wolter, Nicole; von Gottberg, Anne; Madhi, Shabir A.; Venter, Marietjie; Cohen, Cheryl

We conducted surveillance for children and adults hospitalized with pneumonia through the Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (SARI) Program, an active, prospective, sentinel hospitalbased surveillance system in 4 provinces in South Africa, as described previously [13] . In February 2009, SARI surveillance began in 3 of the 9 provinces of South Africa (Chris Hani-Baragwanath Academic Hospital [CHBAH] , an urban site in Gauteng Province; Edendale Hospital, a periurban site in KwaZulu-Natal Province; and Matikwana and Mapulaneng Hospitals, rural sites in Mpumalanga Province). In June 2010, an additional surveillance site was introduced at the Klerksdorp-Tshepong Hospital Complex, periurban sites in North West Province. We stopped enrolling at CHBAH in December of 2013. In addition to SARI cases, controls were enrolled from May 2012 at 2 outpatient clinics serving the same population as 2 of the SARI sentinel sites: Edendale Hospital Gateway Clinic, KwaZulu-Natal Province, and Jouberton Clinic, North West Province. The case definitions used and enrollment procedures for both SARI cases and controls are described fully in the Supplementary Material. This surveillance, including testing for influenza and HIV, received human subjects review and ethics approval by the Universities of the Witwatersrand, KwaZulu-Natal, and Pretoria, all of South Africa. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA) deemed this a nonresearch, surveillance activity.